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Figure
1: United States Congress, March 1, 1784, Printed Resolution on
Western Territory Government; with Notations by Thomas Jefferson (Library
of Congress) |
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Nathan Dane and the Ordinance of 1787
By
Patrick Murray
Submitted
to Mr. Eastman
Department of History
Beverly,
Massachusetts
23 January
2002
Nathan Dane
was born in Ipswich, Massachusetts, on December 27 1752. He spent most
of his leisure time reading and studying mathematics. Dane wanted to go
to college, so he privately prepared himself for eight months before entering
Harvard College in 1774. Once Dane graduated in 1778 he read law in the
office of Judge William Wetmore of Salem and at the same time he was teaching
at a school in Beverly, Massachusetts. After studying law Dane was admitted
to its practice and he settled in Beverly.
In 1782 Nathan
Dane began the practice of law in Beverly, which quickly turned into a
profitable business. After practicing law for about twenty years Dane
retired due to his growing deafness. In the years of 1782-1785, he was
a representative in the General Court of Massachusetts and a member of
the Massachusetts legislature. In 1785 he was a delegate to the Continental
Congress where he stayed by re-election until 1788.
A lot of
people had their influence in the Ordinance of 1787. Nathan Dane was the
framer, compiler, and writer of the celebrated Ordinance passed by Congress
on July 13, 1787 for the government of the territory northwest of the
Ohio River. He got most of its matter from previously failed ordinances
and the Massachusetts Laws he knew so well. The Northwest Ordinance of
1787 was adopted without a single alteration.
On January
2, 1778, Governor Patrick Henry of Virginia wrote to Colonel George Rogers
Clark to instruct him in a mission to Kentucky and the lands north and
west of the Ohio River. By carrying out this mission, Clark and his men
kept the British from taking over Kentucky during the War of Independence
and enabled the United States to claim the land north and west of the
Ohio River at the end of the war (see
Clark's Letter of Instruction, 1778). The United States acquired the
land on September 3, 1783 when Great Britain signed the Treaty of Paris,
ending the War of Independence and establishing the boundaries of the
new nation. On March 1, 1781 all thirteen states ratified the Articles
of Confederation, which was an agreement under which the thirteen original
states establish a Federal Government, the first constitution of the new
country. The Articles of Confederation served as the new nation's basic
charter of government until the first government under the Constitution
of the United States was formed in 1789.[1]
The Northwest
Ordinance was the most significant achievement of Congress under the Articles
of Confederation.
States tried
claiming land in the new territory, but on March 1, 1784, Congress accepted
the Virginia
Act of Cession, ending all the states' claims to the land. Then on
April 23, 1784, Congress approved the Ordinance of 1784 (see Figure 1),
a plan proposed by Thomas Jefferson. It set up a temporary government
for the territories, provided that the region is divided up into numerous
territories, and its anti-slavery provision he advocated was defeated
by a vote of seven states to six. The Ordinance of 1784 never went into
effect. On May 20, 1785 Congress passed the Land
Ordinance of 1785, which was a plan for dividing and selling the land
north and west of the Ohio River. The ordinance called for the land to
be surveyed and divided into townships. Each township would be 6 miles
square. Each township would have 36 sections. A section was one square
mile and contains 640 acres. Congress planned to sell sections to settlers
for $640 each. Also, one section in every township was to be set aside
to support public schools (see Figure 2).
The Ohio
Company Associates organized in Massachusetts and composed of Massachusetts’s
men, put in an application to buy a large tract of land in the region.
The interests of the Ohio Company in colonizing the Ohio country led Congress
to enact an ultimate plan for the government of the territory. The leaders
of the Company, Manasseh Cutler and Rufus Putnam were influential in the
drafting of the Ordinance of 1787. Once the Ordinance of 1787 was established,
the Ohio Company Associates were the first settlers to colonize the Northwest
Territory by walking from Ipswich Massachusetts all the way to Marietta
Ohio.
On May 9,
1786, a committee of Congress, headed by James Monroe of Virginia, made
a report about a plan for governance of the Northwest Territory that would
be the basis for the final Ordinance. Monroe’s Committee was reorganized
on September 18, 1786 when a new congressional committee, consisting of
Nathan Dane of Massachusetts, William Samuel Johnson of Connecticut, Charles
Pickney of South Carolina, Melancton Smith of New York, and William Henry
of Maryland reported an elaborated system for the temporary government
of the west, but it failed to gain final approval of Congress. Subsequently
Congress appointed Virginians Edward Carington and Richard Henry Lee,
and South Carolinian John Kean to join Dane and Smith. They quickly produced
a new draft in a week.
On July 13,
1787, the Continental Congress, then meeting in New York, enacted "An
Ordinance for the government of the territory of the United States north
west of the Ohio River" (see Ordinance
of 1787). During the time the ordinance was drafted the only
inhabitants in the area were about 3000 Louisianans, French Canadians
and roving Indians.[2] There were some British troops
still posted in parts of the Northwest Territory years after the war ended.
The ordinance acted as an attraction for people to leave their homes in
the settled east and cross the mountains into the wilderness and settle
down in the new western lands. The ordinance provided that the navigable
waters leading into the Mississippi and Saint Lawrence, and the carrying
places between the same, shall be common highways and forever free to
the inhabitants of the said territory and the citizens of the United States.
This was an attraction for Businesses to expand westward. If properly
developed, the incredibly rich western lands offered unprecedented opportunities
for enterprising settlers.
The Ordinance
of 1787 guaranteed that the territory would be broken up into no less
than three and no more than five states. Under the terms of the ordinance,
the territories could enter the Union on an equal footing with the original
states by passing through three steps leading to full self-government.
First the Congress which governed the territory, appointed a governor,
a secretary, and three judges. Then when the territory, or any division
of it, attained an adult male population of 5,000, it could choose a legislature
and send to Congress a delegate who could speak there but not vote. Finally
when the total population reached 60,000, the territory could apply for
admission into the Union on terms of full equality with the older states.
The ordinance removed the danger of colonial rebellion because it assured
the territories participation in the National Government. It became a
model for all territories that later entered the Union as states. Ohio
was the first state formed, and entered the Union in 1803; Indiana became
a state in 1816, Illinois in 1818, Michigan in 1837, and Wisconsin in
1848. Once a wilderness is now covered by five great states teeming with
more than ten million people, one forth of the population of the United
States.[3] Exactly 31 states achieved statehood and entered
the Union under the provisions of the Ordinance of 1787.
Some attractions
to those states that had feudal laws, the Northwest Ordinance prohibited
the feudal law of primogeniture, and provided that the property of a dying
parent estate should be divided equally among their children, or next
of kin.[4] It states that no person demeaning himself
in a peaceable and orderly manner shall ever be molested on account of
his mode of worship or religious sentiments. It declared that religion,
morality, and knowledge being necessary to good government, and the happiness
of mankind, schools and means of education should always be encouraged.
The ordinance says that the revenue generated from the sale of a portion
of each township in the state would go to fund public education. This
was the first instance of federal aid for education in American history.
The inhabitants
of the Northwest Territory shall always be entitled to the writings of
habeus corpus, of trial by jury, of a proportional representation in the
legislature and jurical proceedings, according to the course of the Common
Law.[5] All persons shall be bailable, unless for capital
offences when the proof shall be evident, or the presumption great. It
states that all fines should be moderate, and no cruel and unusual punishment
shall be inflicted. No man shall be deprived of his liberty or property,
but by the judgment of his peers, or the laws of the land. A good faith
effort was made to respect the Indians in the Territory.
If the public
finds it necessary to take any man’s property, or to demand his particular
services, full compensation shall be made for the same. In the just preservation
of rights and property, it is understood and declared that no law ought
ever to be made or have force in the said territory that shall in any
manner whatever interfere with or affect private contracts or engagements
"bona fide" and without fraud previously made. It was the first
embodiment in written Constitutional Law of a provision maintaining the
obligation of contracts.
It forever
prohibited slavery and involuntary Servitude. No one born in the Northwest
Territory should be a slave, and no law should ever be passed to change
that. By federal mandate, each of the in the Northwest Territory entered
the Union slave free, a fact that would weigh heavily against the institution
of slavery for years. If the slavery prohibition had not been an "Article
of Compact" Indiana, Illinois, and possibly Ohio would have been
admitted to the Union as Slave States. By this last provision, the celebrated
Article six, the Ohio River became the historic boundary between free
soil and slave. It determined what sort of country this was going to be;
the concept of complete equality. A precious part of the world’s heritage
in distant ages to come.
Now there
has been a lot of controversy surrounding Nathan Dane as the author of
the Ordinance of 1787 and the non-slavery clause, but that is false. Mr.
Dane doubtless wrote the draft with his legalistic style, but the ordinance
and especially the non-slavery clause was not the work of Nathan Dane
of Massachusetts, but of Thomas Jefferson of Virginia. In Nathan Danes
letter on May 12, 1831 to the Indiana Historical Society he says, "It
will be observed that the provisions four, five, and six some now view
as oppressive to the west, were taken from Mr. Jefferson’s Plan of 1784."
Massachusetts delegate Nathan Dane proposed Article Six just before the
final text of the document was adopted. Dane confessed that he had no
idea that the states would agree to the "Slavery Prohibition".
Mr. Dane
wrote the draft and performed the clerical duties of the committee. Nathan
Dane was the author of the Ordinance in a higher sense of furnishing its
fundamental ideas, the occasion, the personal influence, and the strategy.
He was a dictator of the committee’s ideas, a shorthand writer (amanuenses).
Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, Manasseh Cutler, Rufus Putnam all had
a massive influence on Dane. He was the compiler of the final Ordinance.
He molded together the three previous ordinances. Mr. Dane was the only
member of the committee familiar with the Massachusetts Constitution,
and the Ordinance of 1787 was framed mainly from the laws of the Massachusetts
Constitution. In a letter from Mr. Dane to Rufus King dated July 16 1787,
he states that he drew the ordinance, with an air of triumph.[6]
A letter from Dane to Rufus King on July 16 1787 and Dane to Mr. Daniel
Webster on March 26 1830, and the Massachusetts Historical Societies proceedings
1867-1869 page 470 J. H. Farnham on May 12 1831. In all three cases Dane
Claims to be the Author of the Ordinance of 1787.[7]
The Ordinance
of 1787 was obscure, conflicting, and has erroneous statements. Dane claims,
owning to the obscurity of his style, difficult to understand.[8]
Why
has the Northwest ordinance suffered so much neglect? It’s incredibly
complex, unappealing, and legalistic style in which it was written. Congress
considered it for more than three years; it was modified extensively and
completed in a single week, from the sixth to the thirteenth of July 1787.
The ordinance was created by a succession of committee’s, it’s principal
figures were Nathan Dane and Rufus King, neither of them had a penchant
for lofty political philosophy. It was a product of a dying Congress not
able to function under the ineffective and tormented Articles of Confederation.
The principal reason for it’s passage in 1787 was the near bankruptcy
of the federal treasury and the availability of ready cash from speculative
land companies ready to take chunks of public domain for pennies on the
acre once government in the territories had been established. It was to
make a profit because of the dying Congress and conniving speculators
especially the Ohio Company Associates. It compelled men to look past
their own dooryards to something unlimited beyond the horizon, and decreed
that a man’s place as a member of the American Republic would be forever
greater than his place as a resident of a single state.[9]
In
his famous exchange with Senator Robert Hayne of South Carolina in 1830,
Massachusetts Daniel Webster celebrated Danes key contributions as author
of the Ordinance in guaranteeing freedom in the old northwest. Webster
doubted "whether one single law of any law giver, ancient or modern,
has produced effects of more distinct, marked, and lasting character,
than the Ordinance of 1787". Throughout the 1830’s, many northwesterners
exalted Dane as "the venerable author of the ordinance of 1787".
In 1833, the "Natives of Ohio" toasted his "political wisdom"
for securing "The blessing of religion, and learning, and freedom;
his name will be hallowed forever". At the Settlement Anniversary
Celebration, the Ordinance was toasted: "May its principals be firmly
implanted in our affections, and the remembrance of its author (the Venerated
Dane) indelibly engraved in the hearts of our children". Dane himself
formed it and furnished most of its matter. Nonetheless tributes to Dane
are revealing. A northwestern publicist needed a founding father to give
mythic resonance to their histories. Therefore, just as the authors of
the Federal Constitution were considered the Nation's Founders, Dane,
author of the Ordinance, was portrayed as founder of the old northwest.[10]
In 1789 the
Constitution of the United States was adopted as a binding force with
the Ordinance of 1787, adapting its provisions to the Federal Constitution.
The Ordinance of 1787 is perhaps the most notable instance of legislation
that was ever enacted by the representatives of the American people. It
fixed forever the character of the immigration, and the social, political,
and educational institutions of this territory. Embodied in six articles,
it is intended to forever remain unalterable unless by common consent.[11]
The Northwest
Ordinance is one of the most important documents of the American founding
period and perhaps ever, in it's guarantees of freedom and civil liberty.[12]
Three of the most Fundamental documents to the formation of the Nation
were the Declaration
of Independence, the Constitution,
and the Northwest Ordinance: "Our Trinity of Revolutionary Testaments".[13]
During our Civil War from 1861 to 1865 every square mile that the Ordinance
of 1787 covered was patriotic and gave the Unions men the support they
needed to win the war.[14] It was the most high-minded
colonial policy the world has ever seen.[15] It embodies
a vision of a more harmonious, powerful, prosperous, and expanding Union.
The Ordinance of 1787 had no old rubbish to clear away, no deep-seated
customs and prejudices to contend against. It stamped itself upon the
soil while it was yet a wilderness, and it’s impress can be seen today
in the laws, the character, the social habits, and thrift of these great
northwestern states.[16]
References
Shriver,
Phillip R. "The Northwest Ordinance: America’s Other Bicentennial"
A Bicentennial Chronicle, Spring 1987, No. 14. Appeared originally in
The Old Northwest: A Journal of Regional Life and Letters, Volume 9,
No. 3 Fall 1983.
Onuf, Peter
S. Statehood and Union: A History of the Northwest Ordinance. Indiana
University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis,1987. L.
Saltonstall.
The Constitutions of the United States, according to the latest amendments:
to which are prefixed, the Declaration of Independence; and the Federal
Constitution, with the amendments. Philadelphia, 1800
United
States. Continental Congress. "An Ordinance for the Government
of the Territory of the United States, Northwest of the River Ohio Philadelphia"
Printed by John Dunlop 1787. A version of the Ordinance. Available at
the Massachusetts Historical Society on Microfiche (Early American Imprints.
First series; no. 45181).
Rakove,
Jack N. "Articles of Confederation," World Book Online Americas
Edition, Available at: http://www.aolsvc.worldbook.aol.com/wbol/wbPage/na/ar/co/032320
December 20, 2001.
"Articles
of Confederation"
http://www.usconstitution.net/articles.html January 28, 2002.
Poole,
William F. "The Ordinance of 1787: a reply," Anne Arbor, Michigan,
private print. The Inlander (January 1892). A reply to an article
by Henry A Chaney in The Inlander in November 1891. Printed Material
Available at the Massachusetts Historical Society. In Volume Back Titled:
Ordinance of 1787, Poole. E178
Poole,
William F. The Ordinance of 1787 and Dr. Manasseh Cutler as an Agent
in its Formation. Anne Arbor, Michigan, private print. 1892. Printed
Material Available at the Massachusetts Historical Society. In Volume
Back Titled: Ordinance of 1787—Poole. E178
Jensen,
Merrill. The Articles of Confederation : An interpretation of the
social-constitutional history of the American Revolution 1774-1781.
The University Press of Wisconsin, Madison Wisconsin 1940
"General
Correspondence 1651-1827," Thomas Jefferson Paper Series 1.
United States Congress, March 1 1784. Printed resolution on Western
Territory Government, with notations by Thomas Jefferson.
"Thomas
Jefferson Timeline, the Early Republic 1784-1789". Thomas Jefferson
Paper Series 1. Available at http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/mtjhtml/mtjtime3a.html
January 23, 2002
"The
Northwest Ordinance Timeline 1784." Time table of events regarding
the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. Congress approved the territorial Ordinance
of 1787, written by Thomas Jefferson, to serve as a plan for temporary
government of the Western Territories. Available at http://www.statelib.in.us/WWW/ihb/tlnword.html
"George
Rogers Clark’s Letter of Instruction 1778." Governor Patrick Henry
of Virginia wrote to Colonel George Rogers Clark to instruct him in
a mission to Kentucky and the lands north and west of the Ohio River.
Available at: http://www.statelib.lib.in.us/WWW/ihb/henryltr.html
Text of
the Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776) celebrated by the 4th
of July public holiday in the US.
Available at: http://www.law.indiana.edu/uslawdocs/declaration.html
[1]Rakove,
Jack N. "Articles of Confederation," World Book Online Americas
Edition, http://www.aolsvc.worldbook.aol.com
[2]
Poole, William F. “the Ordinance of 1787 and Dr. Manasseh Cutler as an
agent in its formation."
[3]
Poole, William F. “the Ordinance of 1787:a Reply”
[4]
The system of inheritance or succession by the firstborn, specifically
the eldest son
[5]
Habeas Corpus, which literally means "you have the body," is
one of the fundamental rights in Anglo-America law. Through the writ of
habeas corpus, a prisoner may challenge the legality of his or her imprisonment,
and if the state cannot present adequate evidence to justify the jailing,
the court may order the prisoner's release.
[6]
Poole, William F. “the Ordinance of 1787 and Dr. Manasseh Cutler as an
agent in its formation."
[7]
Poole, William F. “the Ordinance of 1787:a Reply”
[8]
“General Abridgement and Digest of American Law, volume 9, note A"
published in 1830.
[9]
Shriver, Phillip R. “the Northwest Ordinance: America’s Other Bicentennial”
[10]
Poole, William F. “the Ordinance of 1787:a Reply”
[11]
Poole, William F. “the Ordinance of 1787:a Reply”
[12]
Poole, William F. “the Ordinance of 1787:a Reply”
[13]
Shriver, Phillip R. “the Northwest Ordinance: America’s Other Bicentennial”
[14]
Poole, William F. “the Ordinance of 1787 and Dr. Manasseh Cutler as an
agent in its formation.
[15]
Shriver, Phillip R. “the Northwest Ordinance: America’s Other Bicentennial”
[16]
Poole, William F. “the Ordinance of 1787 and Dr. Manasseh Cutler as an
agent in its formation.
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"I
want to give special thanks to the Massachusetts
Historical Society and the Beverly
Historical Society for all the contribution they made to my paper,
and all the extra help they gave my class." -PJ Murray
Please
send comments to pjmurray19@aol.com
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Figure
2 : "Motion of Mr. Dane" (Broadside) (Massachusetts
Historical Society) |
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